Protein Information

General Information of the Protein

Protein ID	PT01198
Protein Name	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
Gene Name	CHRM2
Sequence	MNNSTNSSNNSLALTSPYKTFEVVFIVLVAGSLSLVTIIGNILVMVSIKVNRHLQTVNNYFLFSLACADLIIGVFSMNLYTLYTVIGYWPLGPVVCDLWLALDYVVSNASVMNLLIISFDRYFCVTKPLTYPVKRTTKMAGMMIAAAWVLSFILWAPAILFWQFIVGVRTVEDGECYIQFFSNAAVTFGTAIAAFYLPVIIMTVLYWHISRASKSRIKKDKKEPVANQDPVSPSLVQGRIVKPNNNNMPSSDDGLEHNKIQNGKAPRDPVTENCVQGEEKESSNDSTSVSAVASNMRDDEITQDENTVSTSLGHSKDENSKQTCIRIGTKTPKSDSCTPTNTTVEVVGSSGQNGDEKQNIVARKIVKMTKQPAKKKPPPSREKKVTRTILAILLAFIITWAPYNVMVLINTFCAPCIPNTVWTIGYWLCYINSTINPACYALCNATFKKTFKHLLMCHYKNIGATR Show/Hide
Organism	Homo sapiens, Human
Protein Classification	Membrane receptor > Family A G protein-coupled receptor > Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR) > Monoamine receptor > Acetylcholine receptor
Function	The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is adenylate cyclase inhibition. Signaling promotes phospholipase C activity, leading to the release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3); this then triggers calcium ion release into the cytosol. Show/Hide
Uniprot ID	Primary ID: P08172 Secondarily ID: Q4VBK6 Q9P1X9 Show/Hide
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000181072
HGNC ID	HGNC:1951
Subcellular Location	Cell membrane Postsynaptic cell membrane

Map of Molecular Bioactivity Related to the Protein

Map of Molecular Bioactivity Related to the Protein Protein Cell Line Compound Bioactivity Value: <= 0.1 μM > 0.1 μM and <= 10 μM > 10 μM Imprecise Activity

Table of Molecular Bioactivities Related to the Protein

Cell Line ID: CL000398 , A-9

Cell Line Info

Compound ID	Compound Name	Compound Formula
CP0847519 Compound Info	5-{4-[2-(2-{2-[2-(4-Methoxy-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yloxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl}-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine hydrochloride Show/Hide	C19H30ClN5O6S2	2
1	IC50 = 0.5012 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
2	Ki = 7.943 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0376259 Compound Info	1-[4-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-5-pyridinyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yloxy]-2-[2-(2-{2-[4-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-5-pyridinyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yloxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)ethoxy]ethane Show/Hide	C24H36N6O5S2	2
1	IC50 = 0.631 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
2	Ki = 0.1259 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0371787 Compound Info	5-(4-Hexyloxy-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine; oxalic acid Show/Hide	C14H23N3OS	2
1	IC50 = 12.59 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
2	Ki = 50.12 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0635477 Compound Info	(2-Carbamoyloxy-ethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium chloride Show/Hide	C6H15ClN2O2	2
1	IC50 = 12.59 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
2	Ki = 100 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0739672 Compound Info	penta(ethylene glycol)(3-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) [3-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl] ether Show/Hide	C21H33N5O7S2	1
1	Ki = 2.512 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0179471 Compound Info	3-methoxy-4-[2-[2-[2-[2-[[4-(1-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridin-5-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl]oxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]-1,2,5-thiadiazole Show/Hide	C19H29N5O6S2	1
1	Ki = 7.943 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0846924 Compound Info	5-{4-[12-(4-Methoxy-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yloxy)-dodecyloxy]-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl}-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine Show/Hide	C23H37N5O3S2	1
1	Ki = 15.85 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0849748 Compound Info	Acetic acid 12-[4-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-3-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yloxy]-dodecyl ester hydrochloride Show/Hide	C22H38ClN3O3S	1
1	Ki = 15.85 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0853783 Compound Info	12-[4-(1-Methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-3-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yloxy]-dodecan-1-ol hydrochloride Show/Hide	C20H36ClN3O2S	1
1	Ki = 15.85 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0781215 Compound Info	tetra(ethylene glycol)(3-methoxy-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) [3-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl] ether Show/Hide	C19H29N5O6S2	1
1	Ki = 39.81 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0847850 Compound Info	di(ethylene glycol)(3-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) [3-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl] ether Show/Hide	C15H21N5O4S2	1
1	Ki = 39.81 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0847854 Compound Info	tri(ethylene glycol)(3-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) [3-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl] ether Show/Hide	C17H25N5O5S2	1
1	Ki = 39.81 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0847851 Compound Info	tri(propylene glycol)(3-methoxy-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) [3-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl] ether Show/Hide	C19H25N5O5S2	1
1	Ki = 63.1 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0847853 Compound Info	tri(propylene glycol)(3-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) [3-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl] ether Show/Hide	C19H25N5O5S2	1
1	Ki = 158.49 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS
CP0847381 Compound Info	2-(2-(2-(2-(4-(1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol Show/Hide	C16H27N3O5S	1
1	Ki = 316.23 nM Bioactivity Info	TI LI LO TS

Cell Line ID: CL000011 , CHO

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL001014 , CHO-CHRM2

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL000026 , CHO-K1

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL000845 , CHO-K9

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL000386 , Flp-In-CHO

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL000025 , HEK-293T

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL000006 , HEK293

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL000035 , NIH 3T3

Cell Line Info

Cell Line ID: CL000013 , Sf9

Cell Line Info

Biochemical Assays

Compound ID	Compound Name	Compound Formula
CP0037621 Compound Info	(oxotremorine)1-(4-Pyrrolidin-1-yl-but-2-ynyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one Show/Hide	C12H18N2O	2
1	EC50 = 19 nM
2	Ki = 10000 nM
CP0018455 Compound Info	1-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester;hydrobromide Show/Hide	C8H13NO2	3
1	EC50 = 25 nM
2	IC50 = 1800 nM
3	Ki = 2400 nM
CP0635477 Compound Info	(2-Carbamoyloxy-ethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium chloride Show/Hide	C6H15ClN2O2	5
1	EC50 = 74 nM
2	IC50 = 130 nM
3	IC50 = 1400 nM
4	IC50 = 3100 nM
5	Ki = 1300 nM
CP0020189 Compound Info	6-acetoxy-8-azonia-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane Show/Hide	C9H15NO2	2
1	IC50 = 17 nM
2	IC50 = 120 nM
CP0010104 Compound Info	N,N'-bis[6-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methylamino]hexyl]octane-1,8-diamine Show/Hide	C36H62N4O2	5
1	IC50 = 34 nM
2	IC50 = 37 nM
3	IC50 = 51 nM
4	Ki = 26 nM
5	Ki = 36 nM
CP0049755 Compound Info	(R)-1-Aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl-[(Z)-methoxyimino]-acetonitrile Show/Hide	C10H15N3O	1
1	IC50 = 180 nM
CP0167696 Compound Info	2-acetoxypropyl(trimethyl)ammonium;chloride Show/Hide	C8H18NO2+	2
1	IC50 = 380 nM
2	IC50 = 5200 nM
CP0054630 Compound Info	((2S,4R,5S)-4-Hydroxy-5-methyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium Show/Hide	C9H20NO2+	2
1	IC50 = 449 nM
2	IC50 = 3900 nM
CP0317131 Compound Info	(9bS)-9b-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(3,4-difluorobenzoyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-one Show/Hide	C23H15ClF2N2O2	1
1	IC50 > 30000 nM
CP0666404 Compound Info	Tiotropium bromide Show/Hide	C19H24BrNO5S2	2
1	Ki = 0.01995 nM
2	Ki = 0.1 nM
CP0705209 Compound Info	(3R)-3-{[(2S)-2-Cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-(2-thienyl)acetyl]-oxy}-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide Show/Hide	C27H36BrNO4S	1
1	Ki = 0.06 nM
CP0666488 Compound Info	(3R)-3-{[Hydroxy(di-2-thienyl)acetyl]oxy}-1-(2-phenylethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide Show/Hide	C25H28BrNO3S2	1
1	Ki = 0.08 nM
CP0696953 Compound Info	Aclidinium bromide Show/Hide	C26H30BrNO4S2	1
1	Ki = 0.08 nM
CP0167280 Compound Info	4-{1-[4-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid ethyl ester Show/Hide	C28H36N2O5S	1
1	Ki = 0.1099 nM
CP0366483 Compound Info	1-(isopropylsulfonyl)-4-(4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)piperidin-1-yl)piperidine Show/Hide	C28H38N2O5S2	1
1	Ki = 0.16 nM
CP0080609 Compound Info	1-Cyclohexyl-4-{1-[4-(4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-piperidine Show/Hide	C26H33NO3S	1
1	Ki = 0.17 nM
CP0274359 Compound Info	cyclopropyl-[4-[4-[1-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonylphenyl]ethenyl]piperidin-1-yl]piperidin-1-yl]methanone Show/Hide	C29H36N2O4S	1
1	Ki = 0.26 nM
CP0209448 Compound Info	4-(4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)piperidin-1-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidine Show/Hide	C28H38N2O5S2	1
1	Ki = 0.2897 nM
CP0203331 Compound Info	4-{1-[4-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid isobutyl ester Show/Hide	C30H40N2O5S	1
1	Ki = 0.2999 nM
CP0109931 Compound Info	ATROPEN Show/Hide	C17H23NO3	2
1	Ki = 0.344 nM
2	Ki = 1 nM
CP0177376 Compound Info	4-{1-[4-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid butyl ester Show/Hide	C30H40N2O5S	1
1	Ki = 0.3499 nM
CP0177381 Compound Info	1'-Benzenesulfonyl-4-{1-[4-(4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl Show/Hide	C31H36N2O5S2	1
1	Ki = 0.3597 nM
CP0212797 Compound Info	1'-(Butane-1-sulfonyl)-4-{1-[4-(4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl Show/Hide	C29H40N2O5S2	1
1	Ki = 0.3802 nM
CP0220544 Compound Info	1-(4-(4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)piperidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-1-one Show/Hide	C29H38N2O4S	1
1	Ki = 0.3802 nM
CP0177380 Compound Info	4-{1-[4-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester Show/Hide	C29H38N2O5S	1
1	Ki = 0.4102 nM
CP0167279 Compound Info	4-{1-[4-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid benzyl ester Show/Hide	C33H38N2O5S	1
1	Ki = 0.4498 nM
CP0287765 Compound Info	1'-Ethanesulfonyl-4-{1-[4-(4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl Show/Hide	C27H36N2O5S2	1
1	Ki = 0.4603 nM
CP0203327 Compound Info	4-{1-[4-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid propyl ester Show/Hide	C29H38N2O5S	1
1	Ki = 0.5902 nM
CP0036569 Compound Info	(R)-3-(3-methoxyquinuclidin-3-yl)-1,1-diphenylprop-2-yn-1-ol Show/Hide	C23H25NO2	1
1	Ki = 0.79 nM
CP0245329 Compound Info	(2-Amino-3-methyl-phenyl)-{4-[4-(3-chloro-benzenesulfonyl)-benzyl]-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-yl}-methanone Show/Hide	C31H36ClN3O3S	1
1	Ki = 0.89 nM
CP0406733 Compound Info	naphthalen-1-yl-[4-[4-[(4-propan-2-ylsulfanylphenyl)methyl]piperidin-1-yl]piperidin-1-yl]methanone Show/Hide	C31H38N2OS	1
1	Ki = 0.9 nM
CP0177377 Compound Info	4-{1-[4-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-phenyl]-vinyl}-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid methyl ester Show/Hide	C27H34N2O5S	1
1	Ki = 0.9908 nM
CP0070586 Compound Info	Ipratropium Bromide Show/Hide	C20H30BrNO3	1
1	Ki = 1.02 nM
CP0203329 Compound Info	4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)-1-(piperidin-4-yl)piperidine Show/Hide	C25H32N2O3S	1
1	Ki = 1.14 nM
CP0212795 Compound Info	1-(benzylsulfonyl)-4-(4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)piperidin-1-yl)piperidine Show/Hide	C32H38N2O5S2	1
1	Ki = 1.449 nM
CP0203332 Compound Info	1-(4-(4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)piperidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-methylpropan-1-one Show/Hide	C29H38N2O4S	1
1	Ki = 2.198 nM
CP0177378 Compound Info	1-(4-(4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)piperidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylethanone Show/Hide	C33H38N2O4S	1
1	Ki = 2.992 nM
CP0177379 Compound Info	1-(4-(4-(1-(4-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl)vinyl)piperidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one Show/Hide	C28H36N2O4S	1
1	Ki = 3.802 nM
CP0007317 Compound Info	(+)-(R)-2-(alpha-(2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl)benzyl)-p-cresol Show/Hide	C22H31NO	1
1	Ki = 4 nM
CP0296594 Compound Info	(3S,3aR,4R,4aS,8aR,9aS)-4-[2-((2R,6S)-1,6-Dimethyl-piperidin-2-yl)-ethyl]-3-methyl-decahydro-naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1-one Show/Hide	C22H37NO2	1
1	Ki = 4.3 nM
CP0054849 Compound Info	(3S,3aR,4R,4aS,8aR,9aS)-3-Methyl-4-[2-((R)-1-methyl-6-(S)-methyl-piperidin-2-yl)-vinyl]-decahydro-naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1-one Show/Hide	C22H35NO2	1
1	Ki = 4.5 nM
CP0164673 Compound Info	2,2-Diphenyl-propionic acid 2-diethylamino-ethyl ester Show/Hide	C21H27NO2	1
1	Ki = 9.3 nM
CP0062485 Compound Info	4-(Diethylamino)-2-butynyl alpha-phenylcyclohexaneglycolic acid ester Show/Hide	C22H31NO3	1
1	Ki = 16 nM
CP0172665 Compound Info	(S)-1-cyclohexyl-3-((R)-3-methoxyquinuclidin-3-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol Show/Hide	C23H31NO2	1
1	Ki = 20 nM
CP0010653 Compound Info	2-{1-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2,2-diphenyl-acetamide (Darifenacin) Show/Hide	C28H30N2O2	1
1	Ki = 50 nM
CP0037535 Compound Info	(AF-DX 116) 11-[2-(2-Diethylaminomethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-benzo[e]pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]diazepin-6-one Show/Hide	C24H31N5O2	1
1	Ki = 81 nM
CP0025667 Compound Info	2-[4-(4-Methyl-benzyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-indol-1-yl)-ethanone Show/Hide	C18H19ClN4	1
1	Ki = 100 nM
CP0459246 Compound Info	(2-Amino-3-methyl-phenyl)-{4-[4-(propane-2-sulfonyl)-benzyl]-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-yl}-methanone Show/Hide	C28H39N3O3S	1
1	Ki = 104 nM
CP0056034 Compound Info	11-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one Show/Hide	C19H21N5O2	2
1	Ki = 270 nM
2	Ki = 524 nM
CP0067390 Compound Info	ethyl 6-butyl-17-methoxy-12-oxa-1,7-diazapentacyclo[11.8.0.03,11.04,8.014,19]henicosa-3(11),4(8),5,9,14(19),15,17-heptaene-5-carboxylate Show/Hide	C26H30N2O4	1
1	Ki = 339 nM
CP0067391 Compound Info	(2R)-1-((2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[3,3,3-tris(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-yl)carbonyl-N-(4-piperidinylmethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide Show/Hide	C37H41F3N4O4	1
1	Ki = 490 nM
CP0026924 Compound Info	N-[1-[3-(3-oxo-1,4-benzoxazin-4-yl)propyl]piperidin-4-yl]-2-phenylacetamide Show/Hide	C24H29N3O3	1
1	Ki >= 1000 nM
CP0029624 Compound Info	4-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-o-tolylbutan-1-one Show/Hide	C20H31NO	1
1	Ki >= 1000 nM

Clinical Information about the Protein

Target 1 ( Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) )

Target Type	Successful Target
Disease	8 Target-related Diseases				8
1	Glaucoma/ocular hypertension [ICD-11: 9C61]
2	Stabilize muscle contraction [ICD-11: FB3Z]
3	bronchial hyperreactivity [ICD-11: CB40]
4	Peptic ulcer [ICD-11: DA61]
5	Heart failure [ICD-11: BD10-BD13]
6	Parkinson disease [ICD-11: 8A00.0]
7	Alzheimer disease [ICD-11: 8A20]
8	Cardiovascular disease [ICD-11: BA00-BE2Z]
Approved Drug(s)	4 Approved Drugs				4
1	ACECLIDINE	Drug Info	Approved	Glaucoma/ocular hypertension
2	Gallamine Triethiodide	Drug Info	Approved	Stabilize muscle contraction
3	Methacholine Chloride	Drug Info	Approved	bronchial hyperreactivity
4	Methylscopolamine	Drug Info	Approved	Peptic ulcer
Discontinued Drug(s)	7 Discontinued Drugs				7
1	Otenzepad	Drug Info	Discontinued in Phase 2	Heart failure
2	SCH-211803	Drug Info	Discontinued in Phase 1	Parkinson disease
3	Alvameline	Drug Info	Terminated	Alzheimer disease
4	AQ-RA-741	Drug Info	Terminated	Cardiovascular disease
5	BIBN-140	Drug Info	Terminated	Alzheimer disease
6	BIBN-99	Drug Info	Terminated	Alzheimer disease
7	Sch-57790	Drug Info	Terminated	Alzheimer disease

Similar Protein(s) and Bioactivity Statistics

50% Identity

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Organism
PT01470	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus, Rat	Protein Info
PT04553	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Mus musculus, Mouse	Protein Info

Cite

About MolBiC

Correspondence

Prof. Feng ZHU

Prof. Leo, Lianyi Han