General Information of the Protein
Protein ID |
PT00932
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Protein Name |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
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Secondarily Protein Name |
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I
Kininase II
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Gene Name |
ACE
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Secondarily Gene Name |
DCP
DCP1
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Sequence |
MGAASGRRGPGLLLPLPLLLLLPPQPALALDPGLQPGNFSADEAGAQLFAQSYNSSAEQVLFQSVAASWAHDTNITAENARRQEEAALLSQEFAEAWGQKAKELYEPIWQNFTDPQLRRIIGAVRTLGSANLPLAKRQQYNALLSNMSRIYSTAKVCLPNKTATCWSLDPDLTNILASSRSYAMLLFAWEGWHNAAGIPLKPLYEDFTALSNEAYKQDGFTDTGAYWRSWYNSPTFEDDLEHLYQQLEPLYLNLHAFVRRALHRRYGDRYINLRGPIPAHLLGDMWAQSWENIYDMVVPFPDKPNLDVTSTMLQQGWNATHMFRVAEEFFTSLELSPMPPEFWEGSMLEKPADGREVVCHASAWDFYNRKDFRIKQCTRVTMDQLSTVHHEMGHIQYYLQYKDLPVSLRRGANPGFHEAIGDVLALSVSTPEHLHKIGLLDRVTNDTESDINYLLKMALEKIAFLPFGYLVDQWRWGVFSGRTPPSRYNFDWWYLRTKYQGICPPVTRNETHFDAGAKFHVPNVTPYIRYFVSFVLQFQFHEALCKEAGYEGPLHQCDIYRSTKAGAKLRKVLQAGSSRPWQEVLKDMVGLDALDAQPLLKYFQPVTQWLQEQNQQNGEVLGWPEYQWHPPLPDNYPEGIDLVTDEAEASKFVEEYDRTSQVVWNEYAEANWNYNTNITTETSKILLQKNMQIANHTLKYGTQARKFDVNQLQNTTIKRIIKKVQDLERAALPAQELEEYNKILLDMETTYSVATVCHPNGSCLQLEPDLTNVMATSRKYEDLLWAWEGWRDKAGRAILQFYPKYVELINQAARLNGYVDAGDSWRSMYETPSLEQDLERLFQELQPLYLNLHAYVRRALHRHYGAQHINLEGPIPAHLLGNMWAQTWSNIYDLVVPFPSAPSMDTTEAMLKQGWTPRRMFKEADDFFTSLGLLPVPPEFWNKSMLEKPTDGREVVCHASAWDFYNGKDFRIKQCTTVNLEDLVVAHHEMGHIQYFMQYKDLPVALREGANPGFHEAIGDVLALSVSTPKHLHSLNLLSSEGGSDEHDINFLMKMALDKIAFIPFSYLVDQWRWRVFDGSITKENYNQEWWSLRLKYQGLCPPVPRTQGDFDPGAKFHIPSSVPYIRYFVSFIIQFQFHEALCQAAGHTGPLHKCDIYQSKEAGQRLATAMKLGFSRPWPEAMQLITGQPNMSASAMLSYFKPLLDWLRTENELHGEKLGWPQYNWTPNSARSEGPLPDSGRVSFLGLDLDAQQARVGQWLLLFLGIALLVATLGLSQRLFSIRHRSLHRHSHGPQFGSEVELRHS
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Organism |
Homo sapiens, Human
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Protein Classification |
Enzyme
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Protease
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Metallo protease
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Metallo protease MAE clan
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Metallo protease M2 family
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Function |
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that removes dipeptides from the C-terminus of a variety of circulating hormones, such as angiotensin I, bradykinin or enkephalins, thereby playing a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis or synaptic plasticity (PubMed:2558109, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:7523412, PubMed:15615692, PubMed:20826823). Composed of two similar catalytic domains, each possessing a functional active site, with different selectivity for substrates (PubMed:1851160, PubMed:1320019, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:7876104, PubMed:10913258, PubMed:19773553). Plays a major role in the angiotensin-renin system that regulates blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin (PubMed:4322742, PubMed:1851160, PubMed:11432860, PubMed:19773553, PubMed:23056909). Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and therefore enhance the blood pressure response (PubMed:2558109, PubMed:6055465, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:15615692). Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating cleavage of neuropeptide hormones, such as substance P, neurotensin or enkephalins (PubMed:656131, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:6208535, PubMed:15615692). Catalyzes degradation of different enkephalin neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and possibly Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) (PubMed:656131, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:2982830). Acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens of the brain by mediating cleavage of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a strong ligand of Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1, into Met-enkephalin (By similarity). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe cleavage by ACE decreases activation of OPRM1, leading to long-term synaptic potentiation of glutamate release (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by mediating degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) (PubMed:8257427, PubMed:7876104, PubMed:8609242, PubMed:26403559). Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 (PubMed:18077343). Involved in amyloid-beta metabolism by catalyzing degradation of Amyloid-beta protein 40 and Amyloid-beta protein 42 peptides, thereby preventing plaque formation (PubMed:11604391, PubMed:16154999, PubMed:19773553). Catalyzes cleavage of cholecystokinin (maturation of Cholecystokinin-8 and Cholecystokinin-5) and Gonadoliberin-1 (both maturation and degradation) hormones (PubMed:2983326, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:9371719, PubMed:10336644). Degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) and amyloid-beta proteins is mediated by the N-terminal catalytic domain, while angiotensin I and cholecystokinin cleavage is mediated by the C-terminal catalytic region (PubMed:7876104, PubMed:10336644, PubMed:19773553).
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Uniprot ID |
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HGNC ID | |||||
Subcellular Location |
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
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Map of Molecular Bioactivity Related to the Protein
Map of Molecular Bioactivity Related to the Protein Protein Cell Line Compound Bioactivity Value: <= 0.1 μM > 0.1 μM and <= 10 μM > 10 μM Imprecise Activity |
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Table of Molecular Bioactivities Related to the Protein
Cell Line ID: CL000011 , CHO
Biochemical Assays
Clinical Information about the Protein
Target 1 ( Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) )
Target Type | Successful Target | ||||
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Disease | 6 Target-related Diseases | 6 | |||
1 | Hypertension [ICD-11: BA00-BA04] | ||||
2 | Congestive heart failure [ICD-11: BD10] | ||||
3 | Cardiovascular disease [ICD-11: BA00-BE2Z] | ||||
4 | Thrombosis [ICD-11: DB61-GB90] | ||||
5 | Major depressive disorder [ICD-11: 6A70.3] | ||||
6 | Asthma [ICD-11: CA23] | ||||
Approved Drug(s) | 17 Approved Drugs | 17 | |||
1 | Benazepril | Approved | |||
2 | Captopril | Approved | |||
3 | Cilazapril | Approved | |||
4 | Delapril | Approved | |||
5 | Deserpidine | Approved | |||
6 | Enalapril | Approved | |||
7 | Enalaprilat | Approved | |||
8 | Hydrochlorothiazide | Approved | |||
9 | Imidapril | Approved | |||
10 | Lisinopril | Approved | |||
11 | Moexipril | Approved | |||
12 | Perindopril | Approved | |||
13 | Quinapril | Approved | |||
14 | Ramipril | Approved | |||
15 | Rescinnamine | Approved | |||
16 | Spirapril | Approved | |||
17 | Trandolapril | Approved | |||
Clinical Trial Drug(s) | 2 Clinical Trial Drugs | 2 | |||
1 | CONTIGOSIDE B | Phase 2/3 | |||
2 | Gallopamil | Phase 2 | |||
Discontinued Drug(s) | 4 Discontinued Drugs | 4 | |||
1 | Ceronapril | Discontinued in Phase 2 | |||
2 | UTIBAPRIL | Discontinued in Phase 2 | |||
3 | BMS-182657 | Terminated | |||
4 | Omapatrilat | Terminated |
Target 2 ( HUMAN angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) )
Target Type | Unknown Type Target | ||||
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Disease | 2 Target-related Diseases | 2 | |||
1 | Hypertension [ICD-11: BA00-BA04] | ||||
2 | Acute heart failure [ICD-11: BD10-BD13] | ||||
Clinical Trial Drug(s) | 2 Clinical Trial Drugs | 2 | |||
1 | Captopril | Approved | |||
2 | Ramipril | Approved | |||
Investigative Drug(s) | 1 Investigative Drug | 1 | |||
1 | Lisinopril | Approved |