General Information of the Protein
Protein ID
PT00932
Protein Name
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Secondarily
Protein Name
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I
Kininase II
Gene Name
ACE
Secondarily
Gene Name
DCP
DCP1
Sequence
MGAASGRRGPGLLLPLPLLLLLPPQPALALDPGLQPGNFSADEAGAQLFAQSYNSSAEQVLFQSVAASWAHDTNITAENARRQEEAALLSQEFAEAWGQKAKELYEPIWQNFTDPQLRRIIGAVRTLGSANLPLAKRQQYNALLSNMSRIYSTAKVCLPNKTATCWSLDPDLTNILASSRSYAMLLFAWEGWHNAAGIPLKPLYEDFTALSNEAYKQDGFTDTGAYWRSWYNSPTFEDDLEHLYQQLEPLYLNLHAFVRRALHRRYGDRYINLRGPIPAHLLGDMWAQSWENIYDMVVPFPDKPNLDVTSTMLQQGWNATHMFRVAEEFFTSLELSPMPPEFWEGSMLEKPADGREVVCHASAWDFYNRKDFRIKQCTRVTMDQLSTVHHEMGHIQYYLQYKDLPVSLRRGANPGFHEAIGDVLALSVSTPEHLHKIGLLDRVTNDTESDINYLLKMALEKIAFLPFGYLVDQWRWGVFSGRTPPSRYNFDWWYLRTKYQGICPPVTRNETHFDAGAKFHVPNVTPYIRYFVSFVLQFQFHEALCKEAGYEGPLHQCDIYRSTKAGAKLRKVLQAGSSRPWQEVLKDMVGLDALDAQPLLKYFQPVTQWLQEQNQQNGEVLGWPEYQWHPPLPDNYPEGIDLVTDEAEASKFVEEYDRTSQVVWNEYAEANWNYNTNITTETSKILLQKNMQIANHTLKYGTQARKFDVNQLQNTTIKRIIKKVQDLERAALPAQELEEYNKILLDMETTYSVATVCHPNGSCLQLEPDLTNVMATSRKYEDLLWAWEGWRDKAGRAILQFYPKYVELINQAARLNGYVDAGDSWRSMYETPSLEQDLERLFQELQPLYLNLHAYVRRALHRHYGAQHINLEGPIPAHLLGNMWAQTWSNIYDLVVPFPSAPSMDTTEAMLKQGWTPRRMFKEADDFFTSLGLLPVPPEFWNKSMLEKPTDGREVVCHASAWDFYNGKDFRIKQCTTVNLEDLVVAHHEMGHIQYFMQYKDLPVALREGANPGFHEAIGDVLALSVSTPKHLHSLNLLSSEGGSDEHDINFLMKMALDKIAFIPFSYLVDQWRWRVFDGSITKENYNQEWWSLRLKYQGLCPPVPRTQGDFDPGAKFHIPSSVPYIRYFVSFIIQFQFHEALCQAAGHTGPLHKCDIYQSKEAGQRLATAMKLGFSRPWPEAMQLITGQPNMSASAMLSYFKPLLDWLRTENELHGEKLGWPQYNWTPNSARSEGPLPDSGRVSFLGLDLDAQQARVGQWLLLFLGIALLVATLGLSQRLFSIRHRSLHRHSHGPQFGSEVELRHS
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Organism
Homo sapiens, Human
Protein Classification
Enzyme
>
Protease
>
Metallo protease
>
Metallo protease MAE clan
>
Metallo protease M2 family
Function
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that removes dipeptides from the C-terminus of a variety of circulating hormones, such as angiotensin I, bradykinin or enkephalins, thereby playing a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis or synaptic plasticity (PubMed:2558109, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:7523412, PubMed:15615692, PubMed:20826823). Composed of two similar catalytic domains, each possessing a functional active site, with different selectivity for substrates (PubMed:1851160, PubMed:1320019, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:7876104, PubMed:10913258, PubMed:19773553). Plays a major role in the angiotensin-renin system that regulates blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin (PubMed:4322742, PubMed:1851160, PubMed:11432860, PubMed:19773553, PubMed:23056909). Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and therefore enhance the blood pressure response (PubMed:2558109, PubMed:6055465, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:15615692). Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating cleavage of neuropeptide hormones, such as substance P, neurotensin or enkephalins (PubMed:656131, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:6208535, PubMed:15615692). Catalyzes degradation of different enkephalin neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and possibly Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) (PubMed:656131, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:2982830). Acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens of the brain by mediating cleavage of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a strong ligand of Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1, into Met-enkephalin (By similarity). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe cleavage by ACE decreases activation of OPRM1, leading to long-term synaptic potentiation of glutamate release (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by mediating degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) (PubMed:8257427, PubMed:7876104, PubMed:8609242, PubMed:26403559). Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 (PubMed:18077343). Involved in amyloid-beta metabolism by catalyzing degradation of Amyloid-beta protein 40 and Amyloid-beta protein 42 peptides, thereby preventing plaque formation (PubMed:11604391, PubMed:16154999, PubMed:19773553). Catalyzes cleavage of cholecystokinin (maturation of Cholecystokinin-8 and Cholecystokinin-5) and Gonadoliberin-1 (both maturation and degradation) hormones (PubMed:2983326, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:9371719, PubMed:10336644). Degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) and amyloid-beta proteins is mediated by the N-terminal catalytic domain, while angiotensin I and cholecystokinin cleavage is mediated by the C-terminal catalytic region (PubMed:7876104, PubMed:10336644, PubMed:19773553).
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Uniprot ID
Primary ID:
P12821

Secondarily ID:
B0LPF0
B4DXI3
E7EU16
P22966
Q53YX9
Q59GY8
Q7M4L4
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Ensembl ID
ENSG00000159640
HGNC ID
HGNC:2707
Subcellular Location
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Map of Molecular Bioactivity Related to the Protein
Map of Molecular Bioactivity Related to the Protein

Protein
Cell Line
Compound

Bioactivity Value:

<= 0.1 μM
> 0.1 μM and <= 10 μM
> 10 μM
Imprecise Activity
Table of Molecular Bioactivities Related to the Protein
Cell Line ID: CL000011 , CHO
Compound ID Compound Name Compound Formula
CP0077167
(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-phenyl-propyl]amino]hexanoyl]proline;hydrate
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C21H31N3O5
 2
1
Ki = 1.2 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
2
Ki = 4.8 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
CP0146130
(S)-2-((S)-6-amino-1-((S)-1-carboxy-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylamino)-4-phenylbutanoic acid
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C27H34N4O5
 2
1
Ki = 9 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
2
Ki = 1700 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
CP0534817
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-phenylbutanoic acid
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C25H32N2O6
 2
1
Ki = 35 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
2
Ki = 120 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
CP0950358
(S)-2-((S)-1-((S)-1-carboxy-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylamino)-4-phenylbutanoic acid
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C27H33N3O5
 2
1
Ki = 100 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
2
Ki = 3790 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
CP0578057
(2S,5R)-1-[2-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]amino]acetyl]-5-(4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
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C24H28N2O5
 2
1
Ki = 440 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
2
Ki = 3400 nM
   TI
   LI
   LO
   TS
Biochemical Assays
Compound ID Compound Name Compound Formula
CP0077167
(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-phenyl-propyl]amino]hexanoyl]proline;hydrate
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C21H31N3O5
 6
1 IC50 = 0.1 nM
2 IC50 = 1.2 nM
3 IC50 = 4.7 nM
4 IC50 = 7.92 nM
5 Ki = 51 nM
6 Ki = 131.5 nM
CP0063126
(4S,6S,9aS)-6-((S)-2-Mercapto-3-phenyl-propionylamino)-5-oxo-octahydro-9-thia-4a-aza-benzocycloheptene-4-carboxylic acid
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C19H24N2O4S2
 2
1 IC50 = 0.1 nM
2 Ki = 6 nM
CP0151591
(S)-2-[(R)-3-[((R)-1-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-phenyl-ethyl)-hydroxy-phosphinoyl]-2-(3-phenyl-isoxazol-5-ylmethyl)-propionylamino]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid
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C38H38N3O9P
 3
1 Ki = 0.65 nM
2 Ki = 0.68 nM
3 Ki = 8 nM
CP0146130
(S)-2-((S)-6-amino-1-((S)-1-carboxy-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylamino)-4-phenylbutanoic acid
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C27H34N4O5
 1
1 Ki = 7000 nM
Clinical Information about the Protein
Target 1 ( Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) )
Target Type Successful Target
Disease 6 Target-related Diseases  6
1 Hypertension [ICD-11: BA00-BA04]
2 Congestive heart failure [ICD-11: BD10]
3 Cardiovascular disease [ICD-11: BA00-BE2Z]
4 Thrombosis [ICD-11: DB61-GB90]
5 Major depressive disorder [ICD-11: 6A70.3]
6 Asthma [ICD-11: CA23]
Approved Drug(s) 17 Approved Drugs  17
1 Benazepril Approved
Hypertension
2 Captopril Approved
Hypertension
3 Cilazapril Approved
Congestive heart failure
4 Delapril Approved
Cardiovascular disease
5 Deserpidine Approved
Hypertension
6 Enalapril Approved
Hypertension
7 Enalaprilat Approved
Hypertension
8 Hydrochlorothiazide Approved
Hypertension
9 Imidapril Approved
Cardiovascular disease
10 Lisinopril Approved
Hypertension
11 Moexipril Approved
Hypertension
12 Perindopril Approved
Hypertension
13 Quinapril Approved
Hypertension
14 Ramipril Approved
Congestive heart failure
15 Rescinnamine Approved
Hypertension
16 Spirapril Approved
Hypertension
17 Trandolapril Approved
Hypertension
Clinical Trial Drug(s) 2 Clinical Trial Drugs  2
1 CONTIGOSIDE B Phase 2/3
Thrombosis
2 Gallopamil Phase 2
Asthma
Discontinued Drug(s) 4 Discontinued Drugs  4
1 Ceronapril Discontinued in Phase 2
Major depressive disorder
2 UTIBAPRIL Discontinued in Phase 2
Hypertension
3 BMS-182657 Terminated
Cardiovascular disease
4 Omapatrilat Terminated
Hypertension
Target 2 ( HUMAN angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) )
Target Type Unknown Type Target
Disease 2 Target-related Diseases  2
1 Hypertension [ICD-11: BA00-BA04]
2 Acute heart failure [ICD-11: BD10-BD13]
Clinical Trial Drug(s) 2 Clinical Trial Drugs  2
1 Captopril Approved
Hypertension
2 Ramipril Approved
Acute heart failure
Investigative Drug(s) 1 Investigative Drug  1
1 Lisinopril Approved
Hypertension